ADC and DAC in Microcontrollers: Converting Between Analog and Digital
Learn how ADC and DAC work in microcontrollers. Covers resolution, reference voltage, sampling, code examples for STM32, accuracy tips, and when to use PWM as a DAC alternative.
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hardware design
Power Supply and Voltage Regulators for Embedded Systems
Learn about power supply design for embedded systems including linear (LDO) and switching regulators, common voltage levels, battery types, decoupling capacitors, and practical design tips.
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) in Embedded Systems
Learn Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in embedded systems. Covers duty cycle, frequency, LED dimming, motor control, servo positioning, tone generation, and hardware vs software PWM.
Battery Technologies for Embedded and IoT Devices
Compare battery technologies for embedded and IoT devices: alkaline, coin cell, LiPo, Li-SOCl2, and NiMH. Covers charging, protection circuits, voltage monitoring, and selection guidelines.
Communication Interfaces: UART, SPI, and I2C Explained
Learn the three most common embedded communication interfaces: UART, SPI, and I2C. Understand how each works, their wiring, data formats, speeds, and when to use which protocol.
NTC and PTC Thermistors: Working, Differences, and Applications
Learn the differences between NTC and PTC thermistors, how they work, their applications in embedded systems, and how to read an NTC thermistor with a microcontroller using a voltage divider and ADC.